What is not an acceptable route of administration for ketamine?

The correct answer indicates that topical application is not an acceptable route of administration for ketamine. Ketamine is primarily used for its anesthetic and analgesic properties and is administered through specific routes that ensure effective delivery into the systemic circulation.

Intranasal, intravenous, and intramuscular routes are acceptable for ketamine as they allow for rapid absorption and onset of action, making them suitable for emergency situations where swift pain relief or sedation is required. Each of these routes has established guidelines for use in both pre-hospital and clinical settings, supporting their efficacy and reliability.

Topical application, on the other hand, is not a viable route for ketamine administration because it does not provide the necessary systemic effects needed for its intended medical applications. Ketamine requires more direct delivery into the bloodstream, which topical administration cannot achieve effectively. Therefore, understanding the appropriate routes of administration for ketamine is crucial for ensuring effective treatment in trauma and emergency contexts.