Which of the following is a late sign of tension pneumothorax?

A late sign of tension pneumothorax is jugular vein distention (JVD). This occurs when increased pressure in the thoracic cavity from the accumulation of air leads to reduced venous return to the heart. As the pressure builds, it compresses the major blood vessels, including the superior vena cava, making it difficult for blood to return to the heart and causing the veins in the neck to distend.

The presence of JVD is a significant indicator of elevated intrathoracic pressure and can often present alongside other late signs of tension pneumothorax, such as hypotension and altered consciousness. Recognizing JVD can be crucial in a trauma or emergency scenario, as it helps guide emergency medical personnel in identifying the condition and taking the necessary steps for immediate intervention, typically including decompression.

Understanding how JVD fits into the overall clinical picture of tension pneumothorax emphasizes the importance of monitoring vital signs and symptoms in trauma assessments. Early recognition and treatment are vital for patient survival, making knowledge of late signs such as JVD essential for those trained in Tactical Combat Casualty Care.